Tuesday, March 12, 2024

Inflammation




Inflammation
Inflammation is a process by which white blood cell in the body and chemicals protect the body infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses.
The defence mechanism of body inappropriately triggers an inflammatory response when there are no foreign substances to fight off, these are called autoimmune diseases, where the protective immune system causes damage to its own tissues. when the tissue injury releases the inflammation mediators cause inflammation. These chemicals release from the site of injury such as histamine, kinin, prostaglandins leukotrines and white blood cells.
Inflammation (from Latininflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants,[1] and is a protective response involving immune cellsblood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and initiate tissue repair.
The five classical signs of inflammation are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin calordolorrubortumor, and functio laesa). Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore it is considered as a mechanism of innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immunity, which is specific for each pathogen. Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise the survival of the organism. In contrast, chronic inflammation may lead to a host of diseases, such as hay feverperiodontitisatherosclerosisrheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer (e.g., gallbladder carcinoma). Inflammation is therefore normally closely regulated by the body.
Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation, such as mononuclear cells, and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.


Teaching plan HAP-II




Teaching Plan (Theory) (Academic Year: 2018-2019)
      Subjct: HAP-II (BP201T)           Year: First Year B. Pharm (II Sem.)          Total Hrs Prescribed (NMU): 3Hrs/Week (45hrs)

Sr.No.
Topic details
Allotted
Hrs.NMU
Preparation/ Materials/ Resources

Title / Objective for Lesson Plan
Req.
Hrs.
Date









Unit I









Nervous system









10

1.Principles of anatomy &    physiology by G J Tortora
2. Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Heatlh and illness, 12th edition 2014.
3.Dr.Jagtap V,Md.Rageeb Md Usman,Salunkhe A,Human Anatomy and Physiology-II,First edition,2018.

Introduction and Organization of Nervous system
01

Neuron,Neuroglia,Classification and Properties of Nerve Fibre
01

Introduction of Electrophysiology and Action potential
01


Introduction of Receptors,Synapse and Nerve impulse
01

Neurotransmitters

01

Introduction of Central Nervous System,Meninges,CSF
01

Anatomy and Physiology of Spinal Cord
01

Anatomy and Physiology of Mid-Brain and Cerebellum
01

Anatomy and Physiology of Cerebrum
01

Reflex Activity

01







Unit II





Digestive system






06
1.Principles of anatomy &    physiology by G J Tortora
2. Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Heatlh and illness, 12th edition 2014.
3.Dr.Jagtap V,Md.Rageeb Md Usman,Salunkhe A,Human Anatomy and Physiology-II,First edition,2018.

Anatomy of GI Tract
01



Anatomy and Functions of Stomach-Acid production in Stomach,Pepsin role in protein digestion
01

Anatomy and Functions of Small Intestine and Large Intestine,Intestinal Juice,Pancreatic Juice and Bile
01

Anatomy and Functions of Salivary Glands, Salivary Juice(Saliva)
01

Anatomy and Functions of Pancreas and Liver,ovements of GIT
01

Formation and Role of ATP,Creatinine Phosphate and BMR
01







Unit III






a.Respiratory System






05
1.Principles of anatomy &    physiology by G J Tortora
2. Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Heatlh and illness, 12th edition 2014.
3.Dr.Jagtap V,Md.Rageeb Md Usman,Salunkhe A,Human Anatomy and Physiology-II,First edition,2018.
Anatomy and Functions of Respiratory tract (Pharynx,Larynx and Trachea)
01

Anatomy and Functions of Lungs with Bronchi,Bronchioles and Alveoli
01

Mechanism of Respiration
01


Lung Volume and capacities,Transport of Respiratory gases
01

Artificial Respiration and Resuscitation methods.
01






Unit III




b.Urinary system




05
Anatomy and Functions of Urinary Tract(Kidney,Nephron)
01

Functions of urinary tract and kidney
01


Physiology of urine formation
01


Micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance
01


Role of RAS in Kidney and Disorders of Kidney                            
01









Unit IV






Endocrine System






10
1. Principles of anatomy &    physiology by G J Tortora.
2. Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Heatlh and illness, 12th edition 2014.
3.Dr.Jagtap V, Md. Rageeb Md Usman, Salunkhe A, Human Anatomy and Physiology-II, First edition,2018.
Introduction and Classification of Harmones,mechanism
02

Structure and functions of Pitutiory gland and Thyroid gland with Parathyroid gland
02

Disorders of Pitutiory gland and Thyroid gland with Parathyroid gland
02

Structure and functions of adrenal glands,pancreasand their disorders
02

Structure and functions of  pineal gland,thymus and their disorders
02






Unit V



Reproductive System,
Introduction to genetics




09
Anatomy and Functions of male and female reproductive system
02

Physiology of Menstruation, Fertilization and Introduction of Sex harmones.
02

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
02


Pregnancy and Parturition
01


Chromosomes,genes and DNA,protein synthesis,genetic pattern of inheritance
02



Total
45

  Total
45